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King's Parkinson's Disease Pain Scale (KPPS)
King's Parkinson's Disease Pain Scale (KPPS)
| Availability |
Please visit this website for more information about the instrument: King's Parkinson's Disease Pain Scale
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| Classification |
Supplemental: Parkinson's Disease (PD)
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| Short Description of Instrument |
The King's Parkinson's Disease Pain Scale (KPPS) was developed to evaluate the multiple pain modalities present in PD, administered by health professionals.
There is also a patient self-administered version, the King's Parkinson's Disease Pain Questionnaire (KPPQ) which is classified as Exploratory. The KPPQ is a 14-item questionnaire with binary yes/no responses. This version does not correlate well with gold standard questionnaires but does correlate moderately well with KPPS.
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| Comments/Special Instructions |
This scale is recommended to administer if patient answers "YES" to Q#10 on Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire (NMSQ) (unexplained pains). It was also used in Safinamide trial - SAFINONMOTOR.
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| Scoring and Psychometric Properties |
Scoring: 14 items, 7 domains (musculoskeletal, chronic, fluctuating, nocturnal, orofacial, edematous, radicular); 4-point Likert scale for severity (0=none, 3=severe) and 5-point Likert scale for frequency (0=never, 4=very frequent), each item scored by severity x frequency, total score 0-168 (higher scorer=higher pain/stronger burden).
Psychometric Properties: Cronbach's alpha 0.78, Item-total correlation mean value 0.40, inter-rater reliability 0.99, test-retest reliability 0.96. Convergent validity with Visual Analog Scale (rS?=?0.55)
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| Rationale/Justification |
Strengths: Translated and validated in multiple languages, easy to administer, 10-15-minute administration time, no ceiling or floor effects for total KPPS score, global assessment of different pain types, and correlates with disease severity and health-related quality of life.
Weaknesses: Floor effects for all individual domains except for musculoskeletal pain, "lumping" of different pain types, weaker correlations with Non-Motor Symptom Scale, and people with dementia excluded from validation study due to presumed unreliable subjective reports of pain.
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| References |
Key Reference:
Chaudhuri KR, Rizos A, Trenkwalder C, Rascol O, Pal S, Martino D, Carroll C, Paviour D, Falup-Pecurariu C, Kessel B, Silverdale M, Todorova A, Sauerbier A, Odin P, Antonini A, Martinez-Martin P; EUROPAR and the IPMDS Non Motor PD Study Group. King's Parkinson's disease pain scale, the first scale for pain in PD: An international validation. Mov Disord. 2015 Oct;30(12):1623-31.
Additional References:
Behari M, Srivastava A, Achtani R, Nandal N, Dutta RB. Pain Assessment in Indian Parkinson's Disease Patients Using King's Parkinson's Disease Pain Scale. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2020 Nov-Dec;23(6):774-780. (Validated in India in Hindi and English)
Coimbra MR, Almeida-Leite CM, de Faria-Fortini I, Christo PP, Scalzo PL. King's Parkinson's Disease Pain Scale (KPPS): Cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese and content validity. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2021 Sep;208:106815. (Translated to Brazilian Portugese)
Jost WH, Rizos A, Odin P, LÖhle M, Storch A. King's Parkinson's Disease Pain Scale : Interkulturelle Adaption in deutscher Sprache [King's Parkinson's disease pain scale : Intercultural adaptation in the German language]. Nervenarzt. 2018 Feb;89(2):178-183. (Validated in German)
Martinez-Martin P, Rizos AM, Wetmore J, Antonini A, Odin P, Pal S, Sophia R, Carroll C, Martino D, Falup-Pecurariu C, Kessel B, Andrews T, Paviour D, Trenkwalder C, Chaudhuri KR; EUROPAR and MDS Non-motor PD Study Group. First comprehensive tool for screening pain in Parkinson's disease: the King's Parkinson's Disease Pain Questionnaire. Eur J Neurol. 2018 Oct;25(10):1255-1261.
Stoyanova-Piroth G, Milanov I, Stambolieva K. Translation, adaptation and validation of the Bulgarian version of the King's Parkinson's Disease Pain Scale. BMC Neurol. 2021 Sep 15;21(1):357. (Validated in Bulgarian)
Taghizadeh G, Joghataei MT, Goudarzi S, Bakhsheshi M, Habibi SAH, Mehdizadeh M. King's Parkinson's disease pain scale cut-off points for detection of pain severity levels: A reliability and validity study. Neurosci Lett. 2021 Feb 6;745:135620. (Validated in Persian)
Document last updated August 2022
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